Veganism is both the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.〔For commodification of animals in general, Kathryn Gillespie, Rosemary-Claire Collard, ''Critical Animal Geographies'', Routledge, 2015, p. 2ff; for the idea of "sentient commodities," Rhoda Wilkie, ''Livestock/Deadstock: Working with Farm Animals from Birth to Slaughter'', Temple University Press, 2010, chapter 6, pp. 115–128.
For veganism and commodification of animals, Helena Pedersen, Vasile Staescu, "Conclusion: Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies," in Nik Taylor, Richard Twine (eds.), ''The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre'', Routledge, 2014 (pp. 262–276), pp. 267–268.
Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline," in David M. Kaplan, ''The Philosophy of Food'', University of California Press, 2012 (pp. 169–189) pp. 182–183.
Gary Francione, Robert Garner, ''The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition Or Regulation?'', Columbia University Press, 2010, pp. 27–29, 62–63.
Gary Steiner, ("Animal, Vegetable, Miserable" ), ''The New York Times'', 21 November 2009, p. 2.〕 A follower of veganism is known as a ''vegan''. One of the first recorded individuals following a vegan diet was Dr. John Heller in 1806. Later individuals included John Frank Newton, a patient of Dr. Lambe, in 1811 and Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1813.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A History of Veganism from 1806 )〕
One of the first recorded individuals following a vegan diet was Dr. William Lambe in 1806. Later individuals included John Frank Newton, a patient of Dr. Lambe, in 1811 and Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1813.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A History of Veganism from 1806 )〕
James Pierrepont Greaves opened Alcott House, Ham, London in 1838, as a boarding school with pupils required to follow a vegetarian diet, understood as a vegan diet today. They used "vegetarian" to describe a 100% plant-based diet 〔 Supporters of Alcott House were a key group in the formation of the first Vegetarian Society in 1847.〔
Amos Bronson Alcott and Charles Lane established the short-lived vegan community Fruitlands, Harvard, Massachusetts in 1843.
In 1944, Donald Watson coined the word "vegan" and founded the Vegan Society.〔
==Historians of Veganism==
*Rynn Berry